Jewelry expertise gives you a comprehensive knowledge of jewelry. You will get more knowledge through the introduction of this article. Let's take a look at it!
The concept of jewelry:
The earliest jewellery was called "Head Face", which was made of various metal materials and gemstone materials and matched with the clothing to decorate the body.
The concept of jewellery and jade:
1. The concept of jewellery and jade: refers to the collective name of natural jewels and artificial gems.
2, the concept of gemstone: natural, produced, beautiful, durable and rare mineral single crystal.
3, the concept of jade: the natural world produces a beautiful, durable and rare mineral aggregate.
1. Single crystal: including diamond, colored gemstone collection: jade
2. The distinction between gems and jade: gems are single crystals, and jade is a collection.
3. Classification of natural gemstones: diamond colored gemstones
4. Common five precious stones: diamonds, rubies, sapphires, emeralds, gold emeralds: opal (sparkle) stone (also known as Alexandria)
5. After the Seven Emperors: Emperor: Diamond, Ruby, Sapphire, Emerald, Gold Emerald, Emerald, Opal: Pearl
6. The value of the gemstone, the value of the value of the commodity, the artistic value and the symbolic meaning
Classification of jewellery and jade
1. Natural gemstone
1 natural gemstone (single crystal): diamond, sapphire, ruby, etc.
2 natural jade (aggregate): jade, nephrite, etc.
3 natural organic gemstones: pearls, ivory, tortoise shells, corals, shells, amber, nephrite, etc.
2, artificial gemstones: 1 synthetic gem 2 artificial gemstones 3 flat stones 4 recreated gemstones
Note: Jade: Jade and its jade China's four famous jade: Hetian jade in Xinjiang, Dushan jade in Henan, Daiyu in Liaoning, turquoise jewelry in Hubei
1. Industrial means
1 inlays: diamonds, red and blue treasures and other gemstone inlays.
2 prime gold: full gold, pure silver, yellow white k gold, pt (platinum), 925 silver
2, wearing parts are hair accessories, crown ornaments, earrings, face ornaments, waist ornaments, chest ornaments, neck ornaments, jewelry, foot ornaments, etc.
The name of jewels and jade
1, named after the color: ruby, sapphire, etc.
2, named after special optical effects: opal, star ruby, etc.
3. Named by the place of origin: Daiyu (Liaoyan County, Liaoning Province), Dushanyu (Henan Nanyang Dushan), Hetianyu (Xinjiang Hetian), Tanzanite (Tanzania)
4. Named after minerals and rocks: beryl, spinel, lapis lazuli, etc.
5, named after the tradition: jade, amber, etc.
6, named after the name: Alexander Stone (transformed stone)
7, named after the transliteration: Opal, Topaz, etc.
8. Named by the manufacturer and production method: Linde Emerald
Physicochemical properties of gemstones, mechanical properties, optical properties, chemical properties, other properties
1. Mechanical properties
Cleavage: The property of cracking into a smooth plane along the crystal direction.
Fracture: random undirected irregular fracture hardness: degree of anti-abrasive
Brittleness: the degree of impact resistance
Note: Hardness and brittleness are the best scientific proofs that explain the hardness of a diamond but are afraid of collision.
Density: the mass per unit volume
Hardness test stone: talc gypsum calcite fluorite apatite feldspar quartz topaz corundum diamond 12345678910
Other: Nail: 2.5~3 copper needle: 3 glass: 5~6 blade: 5~6 steel 锉: 6~7
2, optical properties
Color: It is the visual effect of visible light entering the human eye.
Transparency: The extent to which an object allows visible light to pass through. Transparent translucent opaque
Gloss: The ability of a gemstone to reflect light. Metallic Glossy Glossy Glass Gloss Grease Glossy Wax Glossy Pearl Gloss Silk Gloss
3, special light effect
Starlight effect cat eye effect color change effect sunlight effect moonlight effect chemical properties and other properties
Luminescence: The property of visible light emitted by the excitation of external energy. Fluorite
Corrosion resistance: The ability to resist external corrosion. Such as: diamonds are not afraid of the general acid and alkali.
Conductivity: Gems generally have little conductivity, and organic gemstones have an electrostatic effect.
Thermal conductivity: Diamond is the best thermal conductivity of gems known in nature.
diamond
Overview of diamonds
The nature of the diamond
Identification characteristics of diamonds
Diamond grading
Diamonds and imitations
1. Overview of diamonds
The historical legend of diamonds: symbolizing rights, power, perfect materialized performance
Origin of diamonds: South Africa, Kashmir, Zimbabwe, Australia, Russia, Angola, Namibia, etc.
Production value: The diamond produced can reach the ratio of gem-quality diamonds. The highest is Zimbabwe, and almost every one is a gem-quality diamond.
Production: The annual output of diamonds, the most is Australia and Russia. South Africa's combined output and output ratio is the highest.
Diamond grading standard: 4c color, clarity, cut, size diamond certificate source:
Gia: The Jewelry Institute, established by the world's most authoritative diamond monopoly, is an organization engaged in the work and research of diamond laboratories.
Cibgo: European Treasures Association, a consortium of jewelers, is a recognized jewellery appraisal agency for private commerce, engaged in the retail industry, grading from reality, the regions are not exactly the same
Gic: China National Jewelry Testing Center, China's authority for jewelry testing, governing the inspection departments of various provinces
Guangdong Provincial Inspection: The jewelry appraisal department recognized in Guangdong Province belongs to the branch of the national inspection.
2, the nature of diamonds
Color: colorless ~ yellow, brown series. The more white the colorless series, the higher the value. Color diamonds contain nitrogen (n) and blue diamonds contain boron (b). The value of colored diamonds is very high and very rare.
Hardness: 10 but the hardness of each direction is different. Diamonds are cut with diamond-set tools. Diamonds are the hardest substance in nature.
Transparency: Mostly transparent, also translucent to opaque.
Gloss; typical diamond gloss.
Luminescence: Diamonds generally do not emit light, but most of them will fluoresce under the illumination of UV lamps.
Conductivity: Diamonds are not electrically conductive.
Thermal conductivity: The thermal conductivity of a diamond is the highest in a gemstone.
Lipophilic; diamonds have strong lipophilic properties and are prone to oil on the surface.
3. Identification characteristics of diamonds
Small "v" feathery grain rough waist (diamond has three waists (processing features): rough waist, faceted waist, polished waist)
Dot: Cloud-like original crystal face with typical diamond luster
Dispersion: that is, fire
Cut: The right angle of the line is generally smooth, sharp and sharp, to describe the cut of the diamond.
4, diamond grading
Color clarity (clarity) turning (carat) carat
The color of the diamond colour10099989796959493929190............
Defghijklmn is extremely white, white, yellow, white, light, yellow, white, yellow, yellow, warm, white, slightly yellowish or brown. The closer to the colorless value, the closer the colorlessness is. Color diamond color: golden yellow, pink, pink blue, black, brown, etc. clarity clarity? inclusions - characteristics hidden in the stone? blemishes - scattered on the stone surface The characteristic is ten times magnifying glass, which determines the clarity of the inclusions. The less the content, the higher the value (to judge the clarity of the diamond, you can use 10 times the magnifying glass to observe carefully) [fl-flawless ç‘• grade] lc - Invisible inclusions and appearance gaps [if-internallyflawless] lc - no visible internal features, but very slight small gaps on the surface [vvs-veryveryslightly extremely slight ç‘•]vvs - visible but difficult Found internal features [vs-veryslightly slight ç‘•]
Vs - slightly easier to find inside features [si-slightlyincluded micro-sui] si - easy to see inclusions, from the front of the diamond, invisible to the naked eye [p-included ç‘•] p - clearly see the inclusions, or It is clearly visible to the naked eye.
Carat 1g = 5ct1ct = 1000.25ct = 25 points The higher the number of cards, the higher the price, the price is geometric multiple growth.
5. Diamonds and imitations:
1. Observe the lipophilicity: the surface of the diamond is easily sticky.
2. Scribing experiment: Diamond can't see the passage of the line, zircon can. Various shapes of diamonds: round (far more faceted), square (princess), trapezoidal (ladder), drop shape, heart shape, oval shape, plow shape, pentagon shape, etc.
Jade and Appreciation
ç¿¡: Represents red, originally referred to as Akabane. Cui: Representing green, originally referring to the green feather bird.
Variety of jade raw materials: old pit materials and new pit materials. New pit materials: There are artificially mined ore, without any handling effect, the surface is fresh, there is no weathering crust, and the ore has angular edges. Texture ratio
Rough visible structure. The old pit material: by the action of external force, the shape of the round shape has a weathered shell with different thickness, the water head is good, and the texture is warm. The texture is fine and the structure is not easy to see.
1, the color of jade:
1, green jade: chromium (cr) color (high green green is better) grandmother green, green, green seedlings, oil green, dark green and so on.
2, violet: "purple jade", thick purple and dark purple rare, very precious.
3, Fu Lu Shou Jade: "green, red, purple" three colors appear on the same piece of material at the same time, the value is extremely high.
4, white jade: common.
2, jade features:
Emerald is a multi-mineral composition composed of hard jade minerals (P. pyroxene). The color of the emerald: the gem grade is more green, and there are red, purple, yellow, white, and colorless.
Hardness: 6-7, density: 3.34 (+0.06, -0.09).
Fracture: granular or jagged. Transparency (head): translucent to opaque. Refractive index: 1.66-1.68, natural tracer does not change color under the Charles filter.
3. The structure of the jade:
Typical fiber interwoven structure, granular crystal structure, metasomatic structure. The reflection of the structure: such as glass, etc., reflects the structure and reflects the color, flower green, oil green, beans and so on.
4, evaluation of jade
1. Color: “Positive†color is positive and saturation is high. "Fresh" bright and bright. Evenness.
2, "water head": folks use 10 points of water, 8 points of water to describe, the head is to describe transparency. 3. Structure: The folk uses the nature and texture to describe the delicate degree of the structure.
4, clarity: the number of associated minerals in jade, the less the better.
5. Cracks: The fissures of jadeite are the most deadly, so try to avoid the occurrence of cracks. The crack is different from the growth line and the cut tobacco and mineral boundary.
5, jade a, b, c goods:
Note: a, b goods are natural jade a is pure natural, b is treated, the impurities have been removed, its structure is blurred, the crystal does not change, the color is also unchanged, all have collectible value. c is processed.
a goods: natural jade, cut, carved and there is no artificially processed genuine.
b goods: belonging to the optimization of jade, no obvious damage to the structure and solidity, damage, process that has no effect on color, such as waxing, bleaching, etc. to remove some impurities or increase the water head.
c goods: processing jade, at the cost of destroying the texture structure, there are dyeing, immersion, coating and radiation plus color and other methods for color processing. The hardness of jadeite is relatively high, looking at the green (flaky flash), the interwoven structure of the fiber, and the head (ie transparency).
The distinction of abc goods: look at the nature, a cargo structure is clear; b cargo structure is fuzzy, visible "orange peel effect."
The evaluation of jadeite: ten words of strong, yang, positive, and, pretty, light, yin, old, evil, and flower to evaluate from all aspects!
Identification and maintenance of pearls
1. Characteristics of pearls
1. Pearl is composed of keratin and calcium carbonate.
2, color: light, black and colored three.
3, luster: pearl luster, with "stun". 4, hardness: 2.5 ~ 45, pearls will foam when exposed to acid, the burning will turn brown, the surface has a sense of sand (feeling with teeth)
2, pearl shape
Round beads - the more round and precious, the nearly round bead - ellipse, oblate-shaped bead - irregular shape, uneven surface irregularities - a certain symmetry and balance among the aliens, pear shape, denier shape, teardrop shape, Button-shaped semi-circle beads - only half of the beads
3, the evaluation of the pearl's international standard gloss - strong, balanced, thin bead thickness - the thicker the more expensive shape - the more round the more precious smoothness - the ideal skin smooth and flawless size - the bigger the more expensive color - Body color + refraction color + color change, white, apricot, pink, gold, black, color, color, refraction color and color change 4
4, pearl maintenance pearls are organic, low hardness.
1 summer: wipe off sweat when you take it off
2 save: to put a soft place, time to soak. It is best to use pure water and see the air for a certain period of time.
3 Taboo: Can not be put together with acidic and alkaline substances.
4 cleaning: can not be cleaned with an ultrasonic cleaner.
Pearl: Every natural one is different. There is a blistering like a blister. The pearl is faint. The bigger the round, the better the gloss. The sand is felt with a tooth. The medicinal value of the pearl itself has medicinal value, which can whiten, nourish the skin, clear the liver and go to the fire.
5, the pearl's distinction between natural pearls: fine texture, translucent, irregular shape, small particle size, smooth edge of the bead. Cultured pearls: The bead layer is thin, the gloss is strong, the transparency is good, the grain is large, round, the surface often has pits, and the bead hole has chipping. Black pearls and dyed black pearls: Wipe with a cotton swab with 5% dilute nitric acid. The black pearls do not change color and the dyeing will turn black. The black pearl dropped with a knife was a white powder, and the black powder was dyed. The real pearl has a smooth surface, a sandy feel with a tooth, and a false surface with a convex and concave surface. It feels smooth with a tooth grinder. And the fake luster has no pearl luster.
Red, sapphire
1, the name of the red sapphire sapphire: in addition to ruby, the gem-grade corundum is called sapphire ruby: the red gem-grade corundum is called ruby.
2, physical properties 1, hardness h = 92, density: 43, dispersion: with dichroism 4, refractive index: 1.762-1.770
Special light effects: starlight, cat's eye effect, discoloration 3, red, sapphire origin Hongbao origin: Myanmar's pigeon blood red ruby.
Internal features:
Myanmar: There is a swirling "honey-like" structure inside.
Thailand: fried egg-shaped inclusions.
Sri Lanka: liquid inclusions
Sapphire Origin: Sri Lankan velvet sapphire.
Internal features:
Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka, lighter in color
Thai sapphire: Thailand, color deeper than Karan, deeper, high saturation
Shandong sapphire: Shandong, color depth, black.
4, Hongbao sales instructions
Ruby cracks are relatively developed, and pigeon blood red is the best. (Generally produced in Thailand, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, etc.) Under the strong light, the red treasure becomes red, the color is bright, the red stone is not too big. 2 cards are precious. 3 cards are rare. 5 cards are very rare. The card's premium red treasure is sometimes more expensive than the same size diamond. The difference between the price of 1 card and the price of the red card of 1 card or more is not important. The important thing is the color and texture of a poor quality Myanmar red treasure. The value is far worse than a Thai quality red treasure. It should not be just the place of origin. Instead, the jewel standard 4c sapphire origin is Kashmir, Kashmir, India - azure with a purple, called gerbera blue cornflowerblue, looks like a bright blue velvet, discovered in 1880, has been exhausted.
Myanmar burma - darker color, high quality blue with purple, rare production.
Thailand Thailand - dark blue to blue black, but Thailand is actually a gem distribution center, many sapphire from Sri Lanka and Australia, and most of them are heated.
Sri Lankan sri-lanka - lighter color, blue with purple, not uniform, but high transparency, strong dispersion, the value is much higher than other dark blue.
Australian australia - dark color, blue-black, often strong green to dark blue dichroism, but when the color is too deep to close to black, the value will become very low.
Montana (USA) montana/tanzania tanzania Kenya kenya/Western Africa western&southernafrica China Shandong color dark, black.
Precious metal
1. Precious metals include: gold, silver, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, palladium, iridium, osmium, eight kinds of augptpd precious metal jewelry: jewelry with gold, silver, platinum, etc. as the main components
Note: The silver surface bright layer is plated with ruthenium; pt950, pt900 and white 18k gold contain palladium.
2. Gold A precious metal chemical element symbol is au, which has been regarded as the “king of metal†since ancient times, the main form of international financial reserves, and the ideal metal for jewelry.
3. Characteristics of gold
1. Chemical element: au
2. Density: Ï=19.32g/cm3
3, hardness: h = 2.5 (similar to the hardness of human nails)
4, ductility: high toughness, 1 gram of gold can be drawn 3,420 meters long
5, not easy to be oxidized, but can react slowly with chlorine water (ie bleach), bromine water, iodine.
6, melting point: 1064.43 ° C boiling point: 2808 ° C
7, dissolved in aqua regia hcl: hno3 = 3:1
4. Why do customers buy gold ornaments? A good symbol - longevity, a hundred years old, disaster-removing evil, disease, disaster, and heartfelt expression - the symbol of love - beautiful, matching costumes, fashion trends, traditional needs - the symbolic values ​​of identity, status, and wealth when married - permanent value self-proclaimed - representative Personal taste and style
5, gold jewelry looks noble, rich, generous, symbolizing longevity, expelling evil spirits, symbol of love, symbol of identity.
Thousands of gold: up to 999%, the general standard g999
Full gold: up to 99%, general standard g99
k gold: If you want white, generally with nickel, palladium. Alloys made by adding other metals to pure gold to increase hardness, change color, and lower the melting point have a metallic luster, which is brittle when incorporated with other impurities, especially lead. 0.01% lead can cause gold to be non-extensible. Gold can be dissolved in mercury (mercury) to form gold amalgam, which is a kind of liquid alloy. Therefore, gold can not be stained with mercury. If it is stained, it will have a white shift. By heating, mercury can be volatilized and the original color of gold can be restored.
6, k gold k gold pure gold component Italian imprinted pure gold percentage 9k9/2437537.50%12k12/2450050.00%14k18/2458558.33%18k18/2475075.00%24k24/24990100% reality does not exist 24k gold is the theoretical value, showing no content 100% Precious metal. 22k gold is the standard gold for Europeans. The gold content of 18k gold is 75%, and the others are replaced by other metals such as silver and copper. It is not easy to deform the edges, it is not sharp, it is not easy to break, and it is advantageous for inlaying. Less than half of the gold in 9k gold is generally used in the production of handicrafts, such as gold pens and lighters. In addition, depending on the amount of metal added, k gold can have many colors, mainly white, yellow and rose red are more common.
7, five kinds of identification of true and false gold ornaments method of heat method: look at the color change after high temperature combustion. Nitric acid test method: Scratch a scar/drop of nitric acid on the accessories to see various metal reactions. Electronic gold detector: instrument test simple test method: color, thickness / hardness, weight / sound, imprint / origin touchstone test method: on the touchstone, to see the mark characteristics to distinguish.
8, platinum (pt)
1, melting point: 1769 ° C boiling point: 3827 ° C
2. Density: Ï=21.45g/cm3
3, hardness: h = 4.3
4, ductility: 1 gram can pull 500 meters
5, insoluble in hcl, hno3, etc., but soluble in aqua regia and hcl + h2o2 (ie hydrogen peroxide)
6, color: silver white metallic luster
7, platinum jewelry: pt950, pt900, pt990 Note: National standard: pt + palladium can not be lower than 95%
9, the maintenance of gold jewelry? Independently placed gold ornaments, avoiding scratches? Wash with soapy water to greasy, rinse with water? Pay attention to non-drawing accessories cleaning and refurbishment services
10, silver jewelry
1. Chemical element: ag
2, melting point: 960.8 ° C boiling point: 2212 ° C
3. Density: Ï=10.59g/cm3
4, hardness: h = 2.7
5, ductility: 1 gram of silver can be drawn 1800 meters
6. Silver is easily oxidized in the air and turns yellow and black.
7. Silver and nitric acid reflect quickly. Commonly there are 925 silver, codenamed s925 (that is, "grain silver"), and some in the industry are also called "sterling silver." Silver is highly reflective to visible light, with a reflectivity of 93%, closest to pure white, and silver reacts with sulfides and arsenides to turn black, producing silver sulfide and silver arsenide. In ancient times, this property was used to test whether the food had arsenic (arsenic oxide).
11. Imitation of gold
Gold-plated: itself is not a precious metal, made of silver or copper, and the surface is plated with gold, usually marked with 18kp or 18kp.
Sheet metal: Apply the gold amalgam at high temperature to the jewelry evenly and bake at high temperature.
Gold: A wooden tire made of other metals, and the surface is covered with gold.
12, the allowable error of weight gold jewelry within ± 0.02g 1 lb = 12 ounces = 0.337322 kg 1 oz = 31.1035g 1 kg = 16 two
13, imprint gold: au990990999999.9 thousand gold gold gold platinum: pt90pt950pt990 silver: ag925s925925
Jewelry manufacturing process and inspection standards
1. Process flow: design - starting plate - pressing rubber mold - waxing mold - planting wax tree - injection gypsum slurry - casting - die - inlay - polishing - type printing - Electric gold - qc (quality inspection)
2, production process 1 jack method (1) deformed gemstone 2 package set: gold inlaid jade and other 3 frame method 4 construction method (2) general shape 1 tooth set 2 frame corner set 3 claw set 4 nails set 5 slot set 6 group set 7 set 8 forced inlay
Note: (with the customer's interpretation of the focus) Claw setting: Looks like the diamond is larger, fully reflecting the whole diamond. Bag set: relatively firm.
3. Precious metal inspection
Logo (ie imprint): Formal: There are origin, manufacturer number, material, content 1 The overall shape is beautiful, the theme is outstanding, and the stereoscopic effect is strong. 2 The pattern image is natural, the layout is reasonable, and the lines are clear. 3 The surface is smooth. 4 silk is smooth and natural, and the filling is even and smooth. 5 The surface of the casting is smooth. 6 inlaid stone firmly, Zhou Zheng, flat clothes. 7 Strong welding, no soldering, no soldering, obvious soldering. 8 The surface treatment is uniform in color and bright without water stains. 9 imprints are accurate, clear, and properly positioned.
4, conventional jewelry requirements
1. Ring: The circle should be round, and there is no trace in the mouth.
2, earrings: symmetrical left and right, the length of the ear pin is consistent.
3, pendant: the position of the melon button should be appropriate, the center of gravity should be accurate.
4, necklace: and the chain should be basically vertical.
5, bracelet: to be positive, to be round, except for aliens.
6, pin: the welding is to be positive.
Note: Common 18k gold is yellow or white. White 18k gold generally does not turn yellow. The long yellowing time is due to the proportion of 25% filler component.
(The length of the ring ring turns yellow when it is worn because it is worn when it is worn.) 18k gold: 75% is gold (au) 25% is the mouth (may be silver, copper, lead, etc.)
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